11. Define Partial-Order Planning.
Answer (For Exam):
Partial-order planning is a flexible planning method that avoids unnecessary ordering of actions.
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
Study and eat can happen anytime,
But write exam must happen after study.
12. Outline the role of Planning Graph in AI.
Answer (For Exam):
A planning graph organizes actions and states level by level to find valid plans efficiently.
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
Level 1 → Initial facts
Level 2 → Possible actions
Helps check which actions conflict.
13. Explain Initial State and Goal State with example.
Answer (For Exam):
Initial state is the starting condition.
Goal state is the desired final condition.
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
Chess:
Initial → Normal board setup
Goal → Checkmate opponent.
14. Mention two limitations of planning with limited resources.
Answer (For Exam):
  • Limited memory
  • Limited time
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
Robot with low battery cannot complete long plans.
15. Define Probability Theory in AI.
Answer (For Exam):
Probability theory is used in AI to handle uncertainty using mathematical rules.
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
Probability of rain = 0.7
Means 70% chance of rain.
16. Give two examples of uncertain knowledge.
Answer (For Exam):
  • Weather prediction
  • Medical diagnosis
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
Doctor says: 80% chance of fever due to flu.
17. Explain Forward Planning (Forward March).
Answer (For Exam):
Forward planning starts from the initial state and applies actions until the goal is reached.
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
Start → Light match → Heat water → Boil water.
18. State two uses of Planning Graph.
Answer (For Exam):
  • Finds shortest plan
  • Detects conflicting actions
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
Cannot “Drive car” and “Repair engine” at same time.
19. List two axioms of Probability with example.
Answer (For Exam):
  1. 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
  2. Total probability of all outcomes = 1
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
Coin toss:
P(Head) = 0.5
P(Tail) = 0.5
Total = 1
20. Define Planning.
Answer (For Exam):
Planning is the process of generating a sequence of actions to achieve a goal from an initial state.
📦 Example Box – Not for Examination (Only for Understanding Purpose)
To go to college:
Wake up → Get ready → Take bus → Reach college.